The Varkari Sampradaya: A Path of Devotion, Equality, and Vitthal Bhakti
Explore the Varkari Sampradaya, a profound Bhakti movement in Maharashtra dedicated to Lord Vitthal, emphasizing equality, devotion, and the Wari pilgrimage.
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Introduction
The origins of the Varkari tradition are woven with the lives of numerous saint-poets who transformed the landscape of Hindu spirituality. While the seeds of Vitthal Bhakti were sown long ago, the movement gained immense momentum through the teachings of various saints like Sant Dnyaneshwar, Sant Namdev, Sant Eknath, and Sant Tukaram. These saints did not just preach philosophy; they lived it, composing profound literature in the vernacular Marathi language, making complex Vedantic truths accessible to the common person. This democratization of spirituality allowed even the most marginalized sections of society to experience the bliss of devotion.
Central to the Varkari ethos is the concept of 'Advaita' (non-duality) expressed through 'Bhakti' (devotion). Unlike ascetic paths that demand renunciation of the world, the Varkari path emphasizes 'Grihastha Dharma'—living as a householder while remaining internally detached. The Varkari saint-poets taught that one does not need to flee to the forest to find God; rather, God can be found in one's daily duties, in service to others, and in the constant remembrance of Vitthal's name. This approach integrated spirituality into the very fabric of social and domestic life.
The history of the movement is a testament to the power of spiritual egalitarianism. During an era when social hierarchies were rigid, the Varkari saints stood as beacons of equality. They embraced followers from all walks of life—from kings to untouchables, from scholars to laborers. This inclusivity created a unique cultural identity in Maharashtra, where the shared experience of singing 'Bhajans' and 'Abhangas' (devotional poetry) acted as a social glue, fostering a sense of brotherhood that has lasted for centuries.
Significance
Culturally, the Varkari tradition is the backbone of Maharashtrian heritage. The 'Abhangas' composed by the saints are not just religious hymns but are masterpieces of Marathi literature, containing profound philosophical insights, social critiques, and emotional depth. The annual 'Ashadhi Wari' and 'Kartiki Wari' pilgrimages are massive socio-religious phenomena. These pilgrimages serve as a great equalizer, where millions of devotees, regardless of their wealth or status, walk together, sleep on the ground, and share food, embodying the spirit of 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam' (the world is one family).
The significance of the 'Wari' pilgrimage itself is profound. It is a journey of internal purification as much as it is a physical trek. As devotees walk hundreds of kilometers, the physical hardship serves to temper the ego and cultivate patience, discipline, and communal harmony. The rhythmic chanting of bhajans and the playing of 'Taal' (cymbals) and 'Veena' create a collective meditative state that uplifts the consciousness of the entire group.
Furthermore, the Varkari tradition provides a blueprint for a balanced life. By promoting the idea that spiritual realization can be achieved within the framework of family and social responsibilities, it offers a practical path for the masses. It rejects ritualism for the sake of ritualism and instead focuses on 'Manasa Bhakti' (devotion of the mind) and 'Karmika Bhakti' (devotion through action). This makes the Varkari way of life deeply relevant to anyone seeking to integrate spirituality into a modern, busy life.
Auspicious Time
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Required Samagri (Materials)
Preparation Steps
- 1Clean the puja space and the deity's altar thoroughly.
- 2Take a ritual bath and wear clean, preferably traditional, clothing.
- 3Gather all necessary items including Tulsi leaves, which are sacred to Vitthal.
- 4Set aside time for uninterrupted chanting or singing of Abhangas.
- 5Prepare simple, sattvic food as an offering (Naivedya).
Steps
- 1Begin by lighting the lamp (Deepa) and incense to sanctify the space.
- 2Perform simple Achamana (sipping water) to purify yourself.
- 3Offer prayers to Lord Ganesha to remove obstacles, as is custom in all Hindu rituals.
- 4Place Tulsi leaves at the feet of the Vitthal idol; Tulsi is considered inseparable from Vitthal.
- 5Recite or sing 'Abhangas' (devotional verses) composed by Sant Tukaram or Sant Dnyaneshwar.
- 6Perform 'Naam-Sankirtan'—the rhythmic chanting of the name 'Vitthal Vitthal'.
- 7Offer the prepared Naivedya (food) and fruits to the deity.
- 8Conclude with an Aarti, singing praises to the Lord and His consort, Rukmini.
- 9Perform Pradakshina (circumambulation) if a temple setting is available.
Mantras
Moola Mantra (Root Chant)
॥ विठ्ठल विठ्ठल ॥
Vitthal Vitthal
Meaning: O Lord Vitthal, O Lord Vitthal
Vitthal Prarthana
पुंडलीक वरदे हरी विठ्ठल, श्री ज्ञानदेव तुकाराम, पंढरीनाथ महाराज की जय!
Pundalik Varade Hari Vitthal, Shri Dnyandev Tukaram, Pandharinath Maharaj Ki Jai!
Meaning: O Hari Vitthal, who grants boons to Pundalik! Glory to Saint Dnyaneshwar and Saint Tukaram! Victory to the Lord of Pandharpur!
Do's
- ✓Chant the holy names regularly.
- ✓Sing Bhajans and Kirtans with devotion.
- ✓Respect and serve fellow pilgrims (Warkaris).
- ✓Offer Tulsi leaves to the Lord.
- ✓Read the 'Dnyaneshwari' or 'Tukaram Gatha'.
Don'ts
- ✗Do not engage in arguments or ego-driven debates.
- ✗Avoid non-vegetarian food and intoxicants.
- ✗Do not view others through the lens of caste or social hierarchy.
- ✗Avoid excessive attachment to material comforts during the pilgrimage.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- •Focusing purely on the physical hardship of the walk rather than the spiritual intent.
- •Performing rituals mechanically without 'Bhava' (emotional connection).
- •Neglecting the importance of the community and the equality of all devotees.
Regional Variations
- •While centered in Maharashtra, Varkari traditions are observed by many across India through Vitthal temples.
- •In some households, specific family 'Guru Parampara' (lineage) might dictate specific hymns or ways of offering Naivedya.
- •The style of Kirtan (musical storytelling) can vary from the 'Naman' style to more elaborate theatrical Kirtans.
Frequently Asked Questions
Who is the primary deity of the Varkari sect?▾
What is the significance of the Wari pilgrimage?▾
Who are the most famous Varkari saints?▾
Popular Tools
References & Traditional Notes
- •The 'Dnyaneshwari' is the foundational text for understanding the philosophy of this sect.
- •The 'Tukaram Gatha' is a collection of devotional poems essential for Varkari practice.
- •The tradition emphasizes that 'Bhakti' is superior to 'Jnana' (knowledge) for the common man.
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